throughout the years, researchers have been coming up with clinicopathological-based nomograms such as vnpi (silverstein et al., 1996; rudloff et al., 2010; mazouni et al., 2011; lee et al., 2013) and molecular diagnostics like oncotype dx breast dcis score (solin et al., 2013) but there is currently still no clinically reliable and validated method to assess the potential risk of dcis to progress, invade and/or recur (toss et al., 2019)

throughout the years, researchers have been coming up with clinicopathological-based nomograms such as vnpi (silverstein et al., 1996; rudloff et al., 2010; mazouni et al., 2011; lee et al., 2013) and molecular diagnostics like oncotype dx breast dcis score (solin et al., 2013) but there is currently still no clinically reliable and validated method to assess the potential risk of dcis to progress, invade and/or recur (toss et al., 2019)