integration and self-optimization are the two main mechanisms used in industrial organization. the industry 4.0 paradigm is essentially delineated by three dimensions of integration: • i horizontal integration throughout the value creation network; • ii vertical integration and networked manufacturing systems; • iii end-to-end engineering throughout the product lifecycle. (stock

integration and self-optimization are the two main mechanisms used in industrial organization. the industry 4.0 paradigm is essentially delineated by three dimensions of integration: • i horizontal integration throughout the value creation network; • ii vertical integration and networked manufacturing systems; • iii end-to-end engineering throughout the product lifecycle. (stock